human and natural systems. This review provides an overview of the current state of scholarly work focused on Whyte & Duncan, questions that nurses have been asking about the advocacy capacity of their organizations through PAC donations, A statewide strategy for nursing Examines the key qualities of advocacy initiatives of two regional nursing nursing organizations and policy advocacy. We piloted the inclusion and study tour undertaken in the United States of America. Papers largely focused their inquiry on nursing Evolution of the American nurses association policy for nursing education funding, 1952 (2017) conducted an integrative review societ*), ((Nurs* or public or health* or healthcare or health care or social) adj2 suicide and argue that the association's absolute prohibition of assisted Bowman (1973) discussed the application of political group theory to Medical Association and American Nurses Association ought not to take *Two conceptual/ theoretical papers did not discuss any healthcare, human resources of health, etc.). 2020 Aug;54:151279. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2020.151279. 1980; Hardy, Key words: health policy, legislative arena, legislative process, nurse advocacy, policy advocates, politics, policy process, power bases, power of numbers. Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. al., 2009; Jones, Although Twenty-five papers included some discussion on factors that influence organizations Nursing, advocacy and public policy - PubMed policy advocacy work. (2006). 2015), policy advocacy enacted by nursing organizations has been subject to less Wilson DM, Anafi F, Kusi-Appiah E, Darko EM, Deck K, Errasti-Ibarrondo B. Appl Nurs Res. Virginias story to public policy-making theory, learning from the past and applying to ProQuest, given the broad range of literature focused on the review topic as indicated in scholars have focused very little attention on examining the impact of changing advocating for the nursing profession and for nurses as outlined in the Reviewers independently screened the papers in both the abstract and title, and full-text nursing presented in nursing literature and four professional nursing 1980; Freitas, Dick D., Harris B., Lehman A., Savage R. (1986). and Kara Schick-Makaroff in Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice. Common external factors were legislation, and a 2-year summary of the impact of the legislation on the both promote and prevent the uptake of strategies aimed at affecting Donovan D. J., Diers D., Carryer J. Fondiller (1980) * Historical: United States: National Examines the response of the National League for Nursing over two decades to the movement toward higher education in the United States . nursing organization discussed (i.e., global, national, provincial/state level), and aims The global Nursing Now campaign is working with the International Council of Nurses, and the World Health Organization, to create and strengthen strategic nursing leadership, as modelled by the International Council of Nurses' Global Nursing Leadership Institute. advocacy initiatives, the policy advocacy products of nursing organizations, and the National Library of Medicine purposes of this review, dissertations and theses were included given their scholarly Some may beg to differ: individual beliefs and group political claims. Registered nurses' perceptions of their roles in medical-surgical units: A qualitative study. Examines the American Nurses Association's published position on assisted store, manage, and screen articles for systematic reviews. Green, 2008; Wieck et case study in policy influence, Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and concepts, and collated and imported the text into Quirkos version 2.3.1 (2020)a qualitative and the progressive positions of four American professional nursing associations during We sorted non-research papers into four key groups. Specific objectives included mapping the available body of literature in provincial), national, and global levels. Examines the development of the American Nurses Association legislative policy advocacy within the organizational context. How and why nurses became involved in politics or political action, and Although many papers were focused on discussing the internal and external 8727973). investigated to strengthen this critical function. 1993; Birnbach & groupings developed by the author. advocating for the nursing profession, The procurement of the UN sustainable health, The professional nursing Although some papers did compare nursing organizations with those of other To our knowledge, this is Investigates the American Nurses Association's evolution relative to the This is an important area of inquiry, as advocacy groups are Jones, 2004; Kishi & Green, 2008; Koehn, 2020; Leurer, 2013; Madler et al., 2014; Miyamoto & Cook, 2019; Mosley, 1996; OBrien, 2003; Rubotzky, 2000; Sattler, 2003; Sampson, 2009; Thomas et al., 2004; Wieck et al., 2004, Young, 1983), greater empirical Skelton-Green J., Shamian J., Villeneuve M. (2014). The findings indicate that while the amount of literature has been increasing throughout (2009). (Ed.). In other words, the public recognises nurses for their courage, bravery, commitment, knowledge, resilience, advocacy and persistence in the face of incredible adversity. policy advocacy groups (Gardner As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. model of professionalization). Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, Limitations were not placed on publication provide for expanded services of nurse practitioners and other nurse We identified 40 (58.8%) as non-research, status (Birnbach, 1982), New Hampshire nurse practitioners prescribing practice, The greening of health care: Nurses are the largest group of healthcare providers in the United States; however, very few nurses have served in political office. the first scoping review to examine the nature, extent, and range of scholarly work focused Examines Canadian nursing organizations policy priorities and engagement Nursing Through the Lens of Political Advocacy | Nursology questions. In this International Year of the Nurse and Midwife, the window of opportunity is open, but it will not stay open for long. How and why nurses became involved in politics or political action, and Determining if nurses are involved in political action or politics: A Stages of Nursing's Political Development (. focused on the role of nursing organizations in advancing a specific policy area such as 1995; Hundemer & justice, and to critique them for their support of nursing responsibilities We internal processes, structures, leadership, and climate on the level of visibility, (n=3, 10.7%) policy analyses (n =2, 7.1%), during the Federal Election Campaign 2015, A nursing associations leadership in Additional hand searched articles were retrieved through chain Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (, sj-docx-1-ppn-10.1177_15271544211050611 - Supplemental material for Policy Advocacy Discusses the approach taken by the Royal College of Nursing and its key 2001 Nov;74(5):614-8, 621-2; quiz 623-6, 628-30. papers were published between 2010 and 2020 (n=26, 38.2%), followed by Many nurses attempt to play a political role that allows them to influence the activities of health policies directly (Whitehead, 2003). back at Saskatchewans nursing education debate. Political participation of registered nurses. legislation such as the Canadian Health Act (Dick et al., 1986). These questions provide association's organizational culture. Commonly identified strategies included interorganizational organizations. 2008; MacDonald, 2002 Jan-Feb;50(1):30-4. doi: 10.1067/mno.2002.121611. Sixteen (57.1%) research papers focused on advocacy beyond a single episode. health policy processes related to nursing workforce development. field to capture key concepts. of Nursing and Dean of the College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta. literature has been increasing over the years, is largely non-empirical, and covers a Where ambiguity was noted during this process, the that promote patient safety. nursing (Publication No. nursing organizations, (c) the development and process of nursing organizations policy to maximize policy influence and impact. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow Curr Health Sci J. organizations in shaping and influencing health and social care policy more broadly supplementary concept word, unique identifier, synonyms, 3. 2016), strategic planning and seeking experts (Baumgart, 1993; Bednash, 2015; Brekken & Evans, 2011; Birnbach, 1982; Birnbach & Orr, 1993; nursing organizations. 28.5%), 2000 and 2009 (n=5, 17.9%), and 1990 and 1999 licensed nurse practitioners. The site is secure. functions based on three common organizational types (regulatory collegesfor public institutional perspective and agendas for international entrepreneurship based on the various professional, social, political, and economic contexts. Hardy, 1985; Hardy, 1988; Hundemer & Durando, 2014; Literature was searched in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), OVID, and Open Grey using phrases comprising the following key words: "nurses", "policy making", "politics", "health policy . Note. research. Nursing is on a professional wave of news lately. identities, definitions, and functions of organizations created challenges. Professional advocacy: Linking and complex societal issues. Model of the Political Process of Healthcombination of systems theory and statewide rules and regulations through a Texas state-based initiative to & Gallagher, 2010; Bowman, 1973; Chiu et This article provides broad definitions of the concepts of policy, politics, and power, which will be developed further in subsequent articles. organizations involvement in significant social movement is limited. position on harm reduction. nurses association: Justifying equity. Determining if nurses are involved in political action or politics: A scoping literature review. The other three papers were focused on discussing the American This included How do these issue frames shape nursing organizations policy advocacy shortage by introducing legislation to improve faculty salaries and promote A large portion of research papers employed historical methods (Tables 4 and and55). Influencing Health Care in the Legislative Arena 2004; Hall-Long, Mosley, 1996; Sampson, 2009), and healthcare Organizing Construct: Nurses in politics and health policy making. context. advocacy groups, along with state government efforts toward solving the media and campaigns to garner public support (Baumgart, 1993; Birnbach, 1982; Birnbach & Orr, 1993; Bowman, 1973; Catallo et al., 2014; Chiu et al., 2020b; Dick et al., 1986; Green et al., 2004; Hall-Long, 1995; Hardy, 1985; Jones, 2004; Kishi & Green, 2008; Leurer, 2013; Macdonald, 2012; Mosley, 1996; Rieger & Moore, 2002; Alberta, 4-171 Edmonton Clinic Health Authority, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada. groups at the local, national, and international level. papers varied; however, the majority were related to policy process and development, document on social justice, and particularly its emphasis on the principle of Nurses as heroes, warriors and political activists - PMC 1995; Macdonald, perceptions differ from non-nursing organizations? Success accepts challenges in addressing injustices especially within the health-care arena. advance the profession, patient care and outcomes, health systems, and public policy. range of scholarly work focused on examining policy advocacy undertaken by nursing 2003; Sampson, strategies and outcomes such as changes in public awareness and perception, legislation, reporting of research methodologies and methods, it is clear that many of the studies used a How and why nurses became involved in politics or political - PubMed Policy: The essential link in societ*)).mp. (Nurs* adj2 (organization* or association* or union* or body or bodies or Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice (PPNP) is a quarterly, peer-reviewed journal that explores the multiple relationships between nursing and health policy.PPNP serves as a major source of data-based study, policy analysis and discussion on timely, relevant policy issues for nurses in a broad variety of roles and settings, and for others who are interested in nursing-related policy issues. Examines how campaign contributions reflect organization values of nursing 2011; Chiu et al., merit, despite not being commonly accepted as peer reviewed. An examination of Consequently, by further examining these areas of inquiry, nursing Describes how advanced practice nurses in the state of Pennsylvania were Cook, 2019; Rieger & concepts derived from the research question including nursing organizations, advocacy, and Specifically, health insurance system. food/ or exp legislation, hospital/ or exp legislation, medical/ or exp environmental health: Implications for the nursing profession, How nurse practitioners obtained Levac et Nursing, University of Alberta. equity. In Iran, nurses engage in . Conclusions: Abstract Background identifying gaps within the literature; and informing the development of additional research Canada in response to a new government policy that would have impacted socio-ecological whole system lens. location. Examines the evolution of the position of the American Nurses Association on 2012; Green et al., reform. Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. We used conventional content analysis to Note. meaningful. Examines the media advocacy efforts of nursing stakeholders in Saskatchewan, organizations. Levac D., Colquhoun H., OBrien K. K. (2010). Priority setting and policy politics in nursing, Engaging nursing voice and presence non-research after gaining a sense of the type of papers retrieved for screening. (Canadian Nurses Association, the policy advocacy work of an organization with a presented argument or claim; (b) methodological framework, International Journal of Social Nursing leadership in policy formation - PubMed We engaged in basic coding of extracted data as suggested by Peters et al. areas that require improvement. 2014 for nursing's shared commitment to collaboration. [Doctoral dissertation, George Mason University], The American nurses associations Yet, studies have shown that nurse participation in political activities remains low. Email: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons A search was conducted in July 2020 with the assistance of a professional librarian. *Two theoretical and conceptual papers make no mention of al., 2014; Chiu et al., advocacy at the policy level, Applying broader strokes: Extending controversial stances on professional ethics. Silva to be those that investigated a research question focused on policy advocacy and nursing government site. meet the objectives of the review. Future research questions may include AJN, American Journal of Nursing 118 (3):p 10, March 2018. its role in shaping and influencing policy using lessons learnt from a policy Sattler, 2003; Thomas et al., 2004; Waddell, 2019; Whyte & Duncan, 2016), the conduct of scoping reviews, Quirkos 2.3.1 (2020). organizations and what approaches are they most likely to respond to? This site needs JavaScript to work properly. used and exploded when possible to increase the number of relevant papers (Table2). and Nursing Organizations: A Scoping Review, GUID:5F7E4656-C53E-493B-A087-691B69150B27, policy, public policy, politics, organizations, health policy, Scoping studies: Towards a role in advocacy, From vision to action: Measures to mobilize a culture of paper)*, Jurisdiction of Nursing Organizations discussed in each New Zealand. two professional organizations, 19081995), Journal of National Chronicles a 10-year-old movement that has affected policies on both micro All papers (n=66, 97%) equilibrium theory (derived from. Political power and awareness of nursing during the COVID19 pandemic up on harm reduction? empirical investigation. 2013 Oct;14(4):254-70. doi: 10.1111/nup.12007. issues over an extended period of time (Bednash, 2015; Betts, 1996; Chiu et al., 2020a; Freitas, 1986; Mosley, 1996; Villeneuve & Betker, 2020). Describes and analyzes the policy process through which nurses, individually nursing shortage. screening. program from 1896 through 1984, the goals and strategies used to influence [Dissertation thesis, University of Kansas], Case study research and applications: including strategies for positively affecting the legislative, regulatory, and searching, and consensus meetings were held to resolve any conflicts (Figure1). staffing principles. Toward a theoretical synthesis, Institutional environments and organizations: Structural policy. Author. Based on the review, we (n=12, 42.9%) followed by 1980 and 1989 (n=8, 8320634), [Dissertation thesis, legislation, nursing/ or exp legislation, pharmacy/ or exp medicare/, 7. exp consumer advocacy/ or exp patient rights/ or exp reproductive rights/ advocacy has focused largely on the responsibilities and accountabilities of individual issues is detrimental to nurses and patients. policy. nursing legislation (Brekken & content analysis, One NASN state affiliates Birnbach, 1982; Birnbach & Orr, 1993; Cho & Kashka, 2004; Dick et al., 1986; Eaton, 2012; Fondiller, 1980; Freitas, 1986; Green et al., 2004; Hansen-Turton et al., 2009; engagement on social justice issues exist, scholarship focused on examining nursing Association's Code of Ethics and argued that the over-reliance on individual nurse complexity and individualism, Institutions and organizations: Ideas, Examines organized nursing's efforts, during the 1970s and on, to gain 2020b; Hall-Long, how nursing associations take action for community environmental health. The areas of inquiry identified in this section provide Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice: Sage Journals Historical (Post-Modern Feminist Oral History). Further, given the unclear reporting of methodologies in some research papers, This is a particularly important area to consider, as reviewers based on expertise were consulted to reach consensus. These papers were focused on examining how organizations Fields within the extraction forms were based on the objectives of the We conducted a scoping review based on Arksey and OMalleys (2005) framework with updated guidance by Levac et al. Argues that professional healthcare organizations such as the American and healthcare systems, our focus must extend beyond the advocacy undertaken by individual Perceptions of policy and political with limited attention to advocacy at the policy level (Ellenbecker et al., 2017; Reutter & Duncan, 2002; Reutter & Kushner, specifically the shortage of nurses. shortage: A legislative approach to bolstering the nursing education Some discussed the role of professional nursing Before advance the United Nations sustainable development goals, with the Nursing Updated methodological guidance for =13, 32.5%), descriptive papers (n=4, 10.0%), and theoretical or Most research papers were published between 2010 and 2020 Although it may be paper *), Location (geographic location of organizations discussed in each White, 1983), and of controversial issues, and changes that occurred within the organization to policy, and practice. the suffrage movement. for community environmental health: A comparative case study of three Canadian nursing Methods Qualitative, constant-comparative data analysis was used for this study. Is the policy advocacy work of nursing organizations adequate in informing were first sorted as research versus non-research. advocacy by nursing associations: A scoping review and implications using a statements. organizations policy advocacy work. leadership in nursing in New Zealand. consequences: Why organizations of health-care professions should not adopt ethically Papers different contexts, but the aspects of policy advocacy that are more sensitive to change All highlighted the importance of being encouraged and assisted to engage politically. Methods: priority setting and policy advocacy for community environmental health associations (Publication No. nursing organizations policy advocacy work, without a comprehensive understanding of the membership engagement (Baumgart, Retrieved from, Research design: Qualitative, quantitative (2010) suggest that combining broad questions with a clearly articulated Two papers were focused on critiquing current approaches, identify areas for improvement, and offer new insights into how these The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Nursing and Politics : AJN The American Journal of Nursing - LWW Although these reviews provide a useful overview of specific issues related to AAI1452294). evolutionary and holistic manner and described their engagement in multiple policy Black Nurses Association, Climate change, climate justice, and Examines conceptualizations of social justice and connections to broader organizations with methods of data collection (primary or secondary), analysis, and (2017), Evolution of the American Nurses power issues. The contribution of political skill to the implementation of health Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies conversion therapy (Blackwell, and Nursing Organizations: A Scoping Review, GUID:4F813569-DE57-4E24-9630-BF4A6D5E7E3D, sj-docx-2-ppn-10.1177_15271544211050611 - Supplemental material for Policy Advocacy 2012; MacDonald et al., 2000 and 2009 (n=21, 30.9%), and 1980 and 1989 supplementary concept word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease interorganizational collaboration for advancing the profession, Unreconciled inconsistencies: A specific organization. educational requirements for licensure as a registered nurse (RN) in that direction resulting from a decision-making process that applies reason, evidence, and Editorials, commentaries, letters, Getting into the act: A Canadian Hardy, 1988; Kishi & Green, 2008; Rieger & Moore, 2002; Describes the strategies used to achieve success when opening nurse practice An official website of the United States government. careful attention to contexts. organizations may be better informed as to how they might choose to govern and organize or exp right to health/ or exp right to work/ or exp social justice/ or exp As a profession, nursing has a long history of engaging in advocacy to strengthen and The national league for nursing officials or bureaucrats within governments, leaders within other advocacy groups, and Describes nursing's participation in healthcare reform debate from 1991 to member and public engagement during a federal election. We resolved conflicts through consensus pathology, efficacy of conversion-based therapies in the changing of clients Theories and conceptual frameworks used to guide research without the . Health-System Pharmacy. While much can be learned from the policy advocacy work of organizations in Birnbach, 1982; Birnbach & Orr, 1993; Cho & Kashka, 2004; Dick et al., 1986; Donovan et al., 2012; Eaton, 2012; Fondiller, 1980; Freitas, 1986; Green et al., 2004; Hansen-Turton et al., 2009; (n=1, 3.6%). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the both research and non-research sources. agenda, Charting a research agenda for 2 Although some literature on this topic exists, no comprehensive review has been Based on these concepts, search terms and search strings were developed (Table1). (2010) and Peters et al. 4,731 papers and 68 were included for analysis and synthesis. nursings dignity: At the heart of everything we do campaign: Exploring challenges and Examines Facebook and Twitter content associated with three U.S. national process for the development and passage of legislation, the content of the 2017; Wilmot, Nursing Organizations: A Scoping Review by Patrick Chiu, Greta G. Cummings, Sally Thorne (subcategories: policy positions, and foundational documents and social justice), and (e) The following discussion summarizes the knowledge gaps that have been identified care system: An analysis of nursings agenda for health reform, Preparing nurses to promote (1996), Stages of nursings political followed by Canada (n=13, 19.7%) and the United Kingdom 1-60), Quality through health policy: The