(c) Number of glaciers (%) in relation to morphological types. The water of the river originates from the glaciers of the Himalayas Range of Multan in Himachal Pradesh, India. "corePageComponentUseShareaholicInsteadOfAddThis": true, 5). Fig. Derived glacier parameters (2016) for the Jankar Chhu Watershed based on Sentinel 2A and ASTER GDEM v2. 2021. (d) Simple (mountain) basin glacier with partly debris-covered ice. A subset of glaciers was also mapped using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM; 1989) image. (a) Change detection for 127 mapped glaciers in 1971. The JCW consists of 153 glaciers (>0.02 km2) with a total area of 185.6 3.8 km2 that include 82 glaciers with debris-covered ablation zone, comprising 10.9% of the total glacierized area as in 2016. We acknowledge the DSTCCP/SPLICE (IUCCCC) for supporting field comparing and laboratory facilities. The correct answer is Nubra. Singh, Anil K. and Another very significant river in the Indus River system is the river Chenab, also known as Asskini Chandrabhaga. and In adjacent Miyar basin, Patel and others (Reference Patel, Sharma, Fathima and Thamban2018) observed similar retreat rate (~0.16% a) (Supplementary Table S5). 2020. Which Indian River goes to Pakistan? - imp.center Thamban, Meloth The native name of Chenab, "Chandrabhaga", represents the union of Chandra and Bhaga rivers downstream. Beas, Chenab and Sutlej) have been done either using the Survey of India (SoI) topographical maps or coarser spatial resolution satellite datasets (Kulkarni and Alex, Reference Kulkarni and Alex2003; Kulkarni and others, Reference Kulkarni2007; Sharma and others, Reference Sharma2016; Brahmbhatt and others, Reference Brahmbhatt2017). In addition, glaciers with the west and east aspect have lost their area by 15.11.9 or 0.30.01% a (Fig. 2021. Fig. (d) Simple (mountain) basin glacier with partly debris-covered ice. It is currently extending to 27.7 kilometres (17 miles) and covers over 126.45 square kilometres (51 square miles). Kumar, Vinit More recently (200016), recession rate has increased. 2. 3). According to Hugh Whistler's 1924 writing, "Shigri is applied par-excellence to one particular glacier that emerges from the mountains on the left bank of the Chenab. Dar, Reyaz A. Glacier morphology (e.g. 3c). (c) Sentinel 2A image (1 November 2016) with Corona, Landsat ETM+ and Sentinel 2A glacier outlines. The loss in glacier area ranged from 1.3 to 52.1% from 1971 to 2016 (Supplementary Table S2). Garg, Purushottam Kumar It is difficult to ascertain the reason whether the elevation or little accumulation area is a factor for the rapid recession of small glaciers in the JCW. Field observations of select glaciers also support derived recession trend in the JCW. Multi-spectral orthorectified Sentinel 2A (2016), Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM; 1989) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+; 2000) satellite images were acquired from USGS in the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 43 World Geodetic System (WGS) 84 projection (Table 1). 2020. This mountain glacier, also known as Drung Glacier, is India's fifth tallest. Area change rate is almost twice the rate for glacier above 5400m a.s.l. Meghna Known as Barack river in India. 3a). The availability of long-term instrumental climatic records and field-based measurements (e.g. Map of relative glacier area change (%) between 1971 and 2016 in the Jankar Chhu Watershed (right panel). 8c). For glacier change measurements and quantification, the glacier outlines of 2016 were overlaid on Corona images (1971) as suggested by previous studies (Bolch and others, Reference Bolch, Menounos and Wheate2010a, Reference Bolchb; Bhambri and others, Reference Bhambri, Bolch, Chaujar and Kulshreshtha2011). Both Indus and Sutlej originate in Tibetan Plateau, passing through the state of Jammu and Kashmir before entering into Pakistan. 1. 11e). Fig. Many studies have already highlighted that smaller glaciers are characterized by a higher rate of decrease in area as compared with larger glaciers (Bolch and others, 2010; Bhambri and others, Reference Bhambri, Bolch, Chaujar and Kulshreshtha2011; Schmidt and Nsser, Reference Schmidt and Nsser2012; Negi and others, Reference Negi, Saravana, Rout and Snehmani2013; Chand and Sharma, Reference Chand and Sharma2015). Glacier size class distribution according to aspect shows that ~50% of glaciers (>10km2) are oriented toward the east (Table 2a; Fig. [7], Various studies shows that the Bara Shigri has been retreating continuously. Do the western Himalayas defy global warming? In addition, experimental and short-period (ablation season) studies suggest that thick debris cover reduces ablation, whereas thin debris layer increases ice melt underneath (Pratap and others, Reference Pratap, Dobhal, Mehta and Bhambri2015). 11d). 1b for location). Farooq Our analysis of glacier area change for the JCW also confirms published trends as reported by Pandey and Venkataraman (Reference Pandey and Venkataraman2013) and Birajdar and others (Reference Birajdar, Venkataraman, Bahuguna and Samant2014) (Supplementary Table S5). Romshoo, Shakil Ahmad It flows west through Jammu and Kashmir union territorythe Indian-administered portion of the disputed Kashmir region)between the steep cliffs of the Siwalik Range (south) and the Lesser Himalayas (north). Allen, Simon The declassified imagery of Corona and Hexagon acquired in the 1960s and the 1970s provide great possibility to extract the historic glacier outlines for comparison with contemporary glacier outlines derived from satellite images (Schmidt and Nsser, Reference Schmidt and Nsser2009, Reference Schmidt and Nsser2012, Reference Schmidt and Nsser2017; Bhambri and others, Reference Bhambri, Bolch, Chaujar and Kulshreshtha2011; Chand and Sharma, Reference Chand and Sharma2015; Bhattacharya and others, Reference Bhattacharya2016). Chenab, Beas, Miyar, Parbati, Tirungkhad and Baspa). Shehmani and others (Reference Shehmani, Dharpure, Kochhar, Ram and Ganju2015) noted decreasing mean seasonal snowfall (0.07cm a) in Bhaga basin during 200112. and (f) Valley glaciers with multiple tributary glaciers and partially debris-covered ice in ablation zone. Bands SWIR2redgreen were used for glacier boundary delineation from 2016 Sentinel 2A image (Fig. Retreat rates in the JCW have been observed to be much lower than previously reported. Fig. Triangle, rhombus, circle, plus, cross and square represent valley, plateau, simple (mountain) basin, cirque, hanging and compound (mountain) basin glacier, respectively. It was first mentioned in France as early as 845. 12), but the MAT increases significantly between 1997 and 2016. Most of the glaciers in different size classes are distributed between 5200 and 5400m a.s.l. The mean glacier size (1.2km2) in the JCW is similar to the other glaciated basins of the Himalayan region, e.g. Indus river is named after India. and glacier area change (%) while elevation range (m) exhibited significant negative correlation (r=0.5) (Figs 11e, f), indicating that elevation range is more influential factor for glacier surface area loss as compared with mean elevation in the JCW. It is located in Uttarakhand and Raktvarn, Chaturangi & Kirti are its major tributary glaciers. 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The glaciers above 500m elevation range receded at a lower rate as compared with others (Fig. Drang-Drung Glacier. Nubra River is a tributary of the Shyok River. The JCW is located in Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh, northern India. Has data issue: false 2020. 1b for location). Rathore, Bhanu Prakash This asymmetrical behavior of the Karakoram glaciers could be attributed to regional topography (Scherler and others, Reference Scherler, Bookhagen and Strecker2011a, Reference Scherler, Bookhagen and Streckerb), regional climate (Bashir and others, Reference Bashir, Zeng, Gupta and Hazenberg2017), glacier hypsometry (Gardelle and others, Reference Gardelle, Berthier and Arnaud2012; Brun and others, Reference Brun, Berthier, Wagnon, Kb and Treichler2017), the characteristics and thickness of supraglacial debris cover (Scherler and others, Reference Scherler, Bookhagen and Strecker2011a) and their morphological properties (Salerno and others, Reference Salerno2017). hasContentIssue false. 7a). Debris-covered ice area in the JCW (~11%) is comparatively lower than the other basins of Western Himalaya (average of all basins ~15%) (Frey and others, Reference Frey, Paul and Strozzi2012). Left Bank: Zanskar, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Kulkarni, Anil V. 11. and In the local language, Chhu is the synonym of the small river. Nela, Bala Raju Glacier recession rate is comparatively lower in the JCW than other basins of Western Himalaya (e.g. Sharma, Parmanand In Garhwal Himalaya, Bhambri and others (Reference Bhambri, Bolch, Chaujar and Kulshreshtha2011) reported similar retreat rate to the present one (Supplementary Table S5). . At the same time, SBAS InSAR can monitor the deformation of the ground for a long time, the monitoring accuracy can reach mm level, and can obtain the time series change of deformation, whcih . Chenab River - Wikipedia Sharma, Parmanand Raman, Arya Chenab River - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (b) Number of glaciers (%) in relation to the size class. The two headwaters of the Chenab River, Chandra and Bhaga, originate near the Baralacha Pass.The Bhaga river originates from Surya taal lake, which is situated a few of kilometers from the pass towards Manali. Sindhu is another name for the Indus River. Recent comprehensive study by Bhambri and others (Reference Bhambri, Hewitt, Kawishwar and Pratap2017) reported that the number of surge-type glaciers in the Karakoram have increased significantly. The Chandra and the Bhaga originate from the south-west and north-west faces of Barelacha pass respectively in the Himalayan canton of Lahul and Spiti valley in Himachal Pradesh. It originates from the Chashma Verinag glacier and covers around 720 km of distance before it joins the Chenab River in Pakistan. Sharma and others (Reference Sharma2016) have reported that ~80% of annual precipitation in Patsio is contributed through mid-latitude westerlies. For glaciers that fragmented between 1971 and 2016, the combined area was recorded. March/April and this is reduced to about 24% in September/October. Corona, Landsat) were used to differentiate between these. Fig. 1b for location). It flows through Bara Banso, Barabhangal followed by the district of Chamba. The number of glaciers in the JCW increased by four between 1971 and 2016 due to fragmentation. In the present study, we had higher area loss rate (~0.20.02% a) in recent decades (200016) as compared with previous decades (~0.10.01% a; 19712000). valley and mountain basin combinedly) cover ~55.2% of total glacierized area and ~6.6% of all glaciers (Table 2b; Fig. Dobhal, D.P. Glacier area and elevation data were derived from Sentinel 2A (1 November 2016) and ASTER GDEM v2. Pratap, Bhanu The horizontal shift between the base image and Landsat pan-sharpened ETM+ and TM was measured at ~10.5m (~0.7 pixels) and ~11.6m (~0.4 pixels), respectively. [4] The glacier has heterogenic surface characteristics, ranging from clean ice in the accumulation zone to extensive debris cover areas in the lower ablation zone. Chowdhury, Arindam "coreDisableEcommerce": false, Rashid, Irfan Satellite data and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) used in this study. In line with our assumption and data, Pandey and Venkataraman (Reference Pandey and Venkataraman2013) also reported similar retreat rate of ~0.1% a for the 15 selected glaciers in Chandrabhaga basin (19802010), using exclusively remotely sensed datasets. and Bhutiyani and others (Reference Bhutiyani, Kale and Pawar2010) had reported the annual warming rate of 1.6C over the last century with a significant increase of ~3.2C in winter average T MAX. Triangle, rhombus, circle, plus, cross and square represent valley, plateau, simple (mountain) basin, cirque, hanging and compound (mountain) basin glacier, respectively. (b) Coregistered Landsat pan-sharpened ETM+ image (15 October 2000) based on projective transform with Corona and Landsat ETM+glacier outlines. Thirty common points were identified in Landsat TM (1989), pan-sharpened ETM+ (2000) and base image (Sentinel 2A) to assess the positional accuracy. Rashid, Irfan Change in small glaciers is higher than valley glaciers, not ignoring the fact that earlier image database had snowdrift accumulation in the higher region. Satellite images of three sets of glaciers showing surface area change between 1971 (Corona) and 2016 (Sentinel 2A) (left panel). The word Siachen means 'plenty of roses'. Additionally, the Chandra River originates from a glacier near the Chandra Taal lake in the Spiti district. Meraj, Gowhar Owing to the difficult geometry of the Corona imagery (Schmidt and Nsser, Reference Schmidt and Nsser2012; Bhambri and others, Reference Bhambri, Bolch, Chaujar and Kulshreshtha2011, Reference Bhambri, Bolch and Chaujar2012), three subsets of three Corona forward strips were generated in the present study. Download Solution PDF Share on Whatsapp India's #1 Learning Platform